Core Concepts

This page defines the key terminology used throughout the Galileo standard. Understanding these concepts is essential for implementing the specification.

Identity Concepts

DID (Decentralized Identifier)

A globally unique identifier that doesn't require a central registry. Galileo uses the did:galileo method based on W3C DID Core.

DID Document

A JSON-LD document describing the subject of a DID, including public keys, service endpoints, and verification methods.

ONCHAINID

An on-chain identity contract (ERC-734/735) that stores claims about a participant. Used for KYC/KYB verification in token transfers.

Verifiable Credential

A tamper-evident claim about a subject, signed by an issuer. Galileo uses VCs for product attributes, certifications, and compliance attestations.

Token Concepts

ERC-3643

The token standard Galileo extends. ERC-3643 is a permissioned token standard that integrates identity verification into transfer logic.

Single-Supply Pattern

Galileo's approach where each physical product is represented by exactly one token deployment with a supply of 1. This ensures 1:1 correspondence.

Compliance Module

A pluggable contract that enforces specific rules during transfers. Examples: country restrictions, holding periods, transfer limits.

Data Concepts

Digital Product Passport (DPP)

A comprehensive data record containing a product's attributes, provenance, sustainability data, and compliance declarations. Required by ESPR 2027.

GTIN (Global Trade Item Number)

A 14-digit GS1 identifier for product types. Combined with a serial number, it uniquely identifies individual items.

EPCIS Event

A standardized record of "what, where, when, why" for supply chain events. Galileo uses EPCIS 2.0 for lifecycle tracking.

Infrastructure Concepts

GS1 Digital Link

A URI syntax that encodes product identifiers in web-friendly URLs. Enables QR codes to resolve to Galileo data.

Context-Aware Resolution

The resolver returns different data views based on the requester's role and permissions. Consumers see public data; brands see full history.

CRAB Model

Claim hash on-chain, Raw data off-chain,Access controlled, Blinded deletion. Galileo's approach to GDPR compliance.

Regulatory Terms

ESPR

Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation. EU law mandating Digital Product Passports for certain product categories starting 2027.

MiCA

Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation. EU framework for crypto assets effective June 2026, affecting tokenized products.

GDPR

General Data Protection Regulation. Requires personal data minimization and right to erasure, addressed by Galileo's CRAB model.